Training Fruit Espaliers
Espalier trees consist of a vertical stem with matching pairs of horizontal branches extending out from either side at intervals of approximately 38 cm (15 in). The majority of espaliers have two or three tiers; however, it may be possible to form more if you have enough space and a sufficiently vigorous tree. This method provides a decorative way in which to grow apples, quinces, medlars and pears.
On Planting
- Set up a series of horizontal support wires, fixed at 38 cm (15 in) intervals from ground level.
- Prune the maiden whip to a healthy bud just above the first support wire, ensuring that there are two strong buds at approximately the level of the wire.
First Summer
- Tie the central leader to a vertical cane as it develops.
- Select two of the strongest laterals to form the first branch tier. Tie these to canes secured to the wires at an angle of 45°; these should be lowered to a horizontal level towards the end of the growing season.
- Prune back any laterals below the main arms to two or three healthy leaves.
If the main arms either side of the central leader begin to develop unevenly, lowering an arm below horizontal level will curb growth, whilst raising it will encourage it.
First Winter
- Find two healthy buds on the central leader at the level of the second wire. Cut the leader back to a bud just above them.
- Remove any laterals other than the two main arms so that they are flush with the main stem.
- Cut back the horizontal arms of the first tier by a third to a healthy downward-facing bud.
Second Summer
- Tie the developing shoots of the second tier to canes secured to the wires at an angle of 45°; these canes should be lowered to a horizontal level towards the end of the growing season.
- Train the shoot that developed from the pruned end of the first tier along the horizontal cane.
- Cut back any laterals that have developed on the main stem between the first and second tier to two or three leaves.
- Once the bases have become woody, prune any sub-laterals on the tier that are longer than 22 cm (9 in) to three or four leaves.
Maintenance
Follow the process over subsequent years to establish the second tier and form any new tiers. When all the tiers are fully established, prune back the central leader every winter to just above the top tier.
The espalier should be pruned in the summer to retain its shape and improve its fruiting. Prune woody sub-laterals longer than 22 cm (9 in) so that they are reduced to three or four leaves and trim any sidehoots from these laterals to one leaf.