Family: Phytolaccaceae

The 25 or so species of perennials, shrubs and trees in this genus from temperate to warns and tropical climates, including the Americas and Asia, are valued for their colourful autumn leaves and ornamental fruits, which are generally coloured black or deep red. The perennials usually have colourful stems. Several species contain poisonous alkaloids.

Species

P. americana, pokeweed, a shrubby perennial from North America, grows to 3-4 m (10-13 ft). It has reddish stems, long oval leaves and white or pink flowers, in summer. Deep blackish red berries then form on stems up to 30 cm (12 in) long. The plant is poisonous if eaten but has long been used medicinally by native Americans. Its medicinal properties are under continuing investigation. A rich purple dye is extracted both from roots and berries.

P. dioica, zone 9, a large, evergreen tree, has a shady spreading canopy. Native to parts of South America, it may grow to 15-20 m (50-65 ft). Most noticeable are its thick trunk and its flaring base of wide, spreading roots, which protrude well above the soil surface. Not widely cultivated today, it was formerly grown as a shade tree in parts of southern Europe.

Cultivation

All species do best in well-drained soil with some organic matter. The tree species benefit from mulching, especially in their early years. Most can be grown in full sun or partial shade. They should be given ample water in spring and summer but allowed to dry out between waterings in cooler months. Fertilizer is generally not necessary unless the soil is extremely poor. Propagation is from seed obtained from fully ripe berries.

Climate

Zone 4 for P. americana, zone 9 for P. dioica.