Prunus persica
Family: Rosaceae

Probably originating in China and cultivated there since around 2000 BC, the peach is recorded in Chinese literature as early as 551 BC. One of the most widely grown fruits, it is renowned for its juiciness and delicious flavor, as is the nectarine, a variety of Prunus persica. The fruit can be eaten fresh, canned or preserved in thick syrup, or made into scrumptious tarts and sweets. Poached peaches and nectarines are exquisite.

Varieties

Peaches are covered with a downy fuzz and the white or yellow flesh surrounds the central stone, hence the name 'stone fruit'. Peaches may be clingstone, where the flesh clings to the stone, or slipstone, where the flesh comes away cleanly and easily from the stone.

There is an enormous number of varieties in cultivation in the world today, both commercially and in home gardens. Peaches and nectarines are self-fertile and therefore single trees can be planted, which is useful where space is limited. The choice of available cultivars varies from country to country, so it is best to buy those offered by local nurseries or fruit specialists; then you will know that they will suit your climate.

In the US natural or genetic dwarf peaches and nectarines which form large hushes are popular. There are many cultivars available. Dual-purpose or flowering and fruiting peaches, developed in Southern California, can also be recommended. They produce an attractive flower display as well as good crops of fruits.

Cultivation

Peaches must be grown in full sun, with protection from strong wind. In colder areas, avoid planting on low ground because late frosts may damage the spring blossom. Soil should drain well and preferably contain plenty of organic matter.

Trees are usually planted during their dormant season, from early winter onwards. Plant in holes that are large enough to take the roots without cramping. Bare-rooted trees should have their roots trimmed to about 20 cm (8 in) in length, and any damaged roots should be removed. A light dressing of complete fertilizer can be placed around the tree, well out from the trunk.

Trees start to make root growth long before any sign of top growth is evident. Water well at this stage to settle the soil. Once growth starts, give regular, deep waterings and mulch the area to conserve moisture, making sure that the mulch does not come into contact with the trunk. Established trees are usually fed in late winter, five to six weeks before flowering, and again about six weeks after the blossom has fallen.

Newly planted trees should be cut back to encourage strong growth in the first season. During the next two years, in spring, prune to encourage the growth of strong main and secondary limbs. Peaches flower and fruit on wood made the previous season so, every winter, trees should be lightly pruned to develop an open vase shape, which will allow sun to reach all parts of the tree and will ensure good air circulation. During the first few years, it may also be necessary to do some thinning and tip pruning in summer. Trees usually start to crop well after three to four years.

There are a number of pests that may be a problem with peaches and nectarines. In warm, dry climates red spider mites may infest the plants. Aphids may also attack new shoots and cause distortion. In warm climates, peaches and nectarines may be attacked by fruit fly. The worst disease and hard to control is peach leaf curl. It is prevented by spraying trees annually with a copper fungicide, first as soon as the leaves have fallen, and again in mid and late winter.

Climate

Best in zones 8 to 10.